Attenuation of Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Adipocytes by Co-administration of Calcium and All-trans Retinoic Acid

Background: Adipogenesis is affected by multiple factors, among which all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and Ca2+are considered important factors. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium, ATRA, their underlying molecular mechanisms, alone in combination, on adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) were differentiated into adipocytes simultaneously exposed 0.5 μM ATRA or 2.5 mM both combination for 14 days. Results: Higher intracellular Ca2+was observed Ca2+and Ca2+plus groups. Assessment triglyceride content glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity indicated lower differentiation levels all treatment groups than control group. Furthermore, results demonstrated a higher expression receptor alpha (RAR-α) peroxisome proliferator-activated γ2 (PPARγ2) glucose transferase-4 (GLUT4) as compared with It noteworthy that caused more significant effects gene (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, combined has pronounced inhibitory differentiation, indicating cumulative effect.